Outline


 * 1) Political & Economic Geography (14%)
 * 2) General Patterns
 * 3) Colonial settlements, borders, & trade routes
 * 4) Evolution of political borders & patterns of economic development
 * 5) 19th & 20th Century trade routes
 * 6) 19th & 20th Century population trends & patterns
 * 7) Specific Geographic Patterns
 * 8) Argentina
 * 9) Brazil
 * 10) Cuba
 * 11) Haiti
 * 12) Mexico
 * 13) Nicaragua
 * 14) Panama
 * 15) Wars of Independence (14%)
 * 16) General Patterns
 * 17) Bourbon & Pombaline reforms
 * 18) Creoles' demands for greater autonomy
 * 19) Influence of American, French, & Haitian revolutions
 * 20) Impact of Napoleonic invasion of Spain & Portugal
 * 21) Uprisings & rebellions
 * 22) Specific Independence Movements
 * 23) Haiti
 * 24) Mexico
 * 25) Argentina
 * 26) Brazil
 * 27) Early 19th Century (24%)
 * 28) General Patterns
 * 29) Efforts to restore political stability by resolving conflicts between conservatives & liberals as well as countering regional revolts & factionalism
 * 30) Efforts to develop viable economy with increased dependence upon single-product exports to United States & United Kingdom
 * 31) Rise of caudillos
 * 32) Specific Political & Economic Development
 * 33) Mexico
 * 34) Argentina
 * 35) Brazil
 * 36) Late 19th and Early 20th Century (24%)
 * 37) General Patterns
 * 38) Restoration of political order & uneven development of democratic governments by liberals
 * 39) Creation of export-oriented econom dependent upon foreign investment & comsumption
 * 40) Suppression of traditional rural & non-European cultures by Europeanized elite accompanied by increased immigration from Europe
 * 41) British & American economic & cultural influences as well as significant American military intervention
 * 42) Development of Specific National Identities
 * 43) Mexico
 * 44) Argentina
 * 45) Brazil
 * 46) Panama
 * 47) The 20th Century (24%)
 * 48) General Patterns
 * 49) Slow uneven political & economic development disrupted by Great Depression, Cold War, & Energy Crisis
 * 50) Entrenched hierarchial culture & persistent socioeconomic inequity generated demands for far-reaching change
 * 51) Revolutionaries challenged repressive regimes (in Mexico, Guatemala, Bolivia, Cuba, & Nicaragua) but failed to produce economic transformation
 * 52) Reformers produce more sustained & enduring results (in Uraguay, Argentina, Chile, & Costa Rica) whilr generally avoiding bloodshed
 * 53) Most states develop in uneven pattern moving between dictatorship & democracy
 * 54) Neoliberals achieved economic & political stability in 1990's but dissatisfied leftists gained popular support
 * 55) Specific Revolutions & Reform Movements in the 20th Century
 * 56) Argentina: Populism & Nationalism
 * 57) Brazil: Uneven Reformism
 * 58) Cuba: Revolutionary Socialism
 * 59) Haiti: the Duvalier Dictatorship
 * 60) Mexico: Institutionalized Revolution
 * 61) Nicaragua: Contras & Sandinistas